The question 'Do moral rights exist?' strikes at the heart of society’s most contentious debates—from abortion and positive rights to economic justice and equality. If moral rights are inherent and universal, they exist independently of human recognition and impose obligations regardless of consent. If they are social constructs, they derive their authority solely from collective intentionality and voluntary agreement. This distinction is not merely academic—it determines whether rights are discovered or negotiated, inalienable or contingent, objective truths or human-made conventions.

This chapter confronts the most pressing and polarizing questions: Does a fetus have moral rights, and if so, how do they interact with a mother’s autonomy? Are positive rights, such as healthcare and education, moral imperatives, or merely agreements that can be revoked? If rights are universal, why do they vary across cultures, and can moral obligations bind those who do not consent? Can morality itself endure in an era of ideological fragmentation?

Readers will be challenged to examine the foundation of moral rights, their enforceability, and their legitimacy in a world where values clash. This chapter is not merely about exploring theories—it is about equipping individuals with the intellectual tools to navigate, defend, and critique the moral frameworks that govern rights and responsibilities in an increasingly divided world.